By the time North Carolina farmers noticed that their Italian ryegrass wasn’t responding to paraquat in October 2020, it had already taken over. Italian ryegrass’ reign of terror as a herbicide-resistant weed in the United States began in the 1990s with ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. The recent confirmation of paraquat-resistant ryegrass also led to the discovery of Italian ryegrass biotypes with multiple resistances to as many as four different herbicide groups -- Groups 1, 2, 9 and 22. That sprawling web of resistant ryegrass has left many farmers across the United States with just fall-applied residual herbicides and integrated weed management to manage that weed.





