Sheila M. McGuirk, DVM, PhD
University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine
In calf rearing, the difference between health and disease is very often just a slight tip of a delicate balance that weighs calf and environmental factors with the bacterial, viral or parasitic agents to which the calf will be exposed. The infectious agents that are capable of causing scours, pneumonia or septicemia in young calves are ubiquitous. Calves will inevitably be exposed, several may become infected but only a few should catch the disease if the relevant risk factors are minimized and the sources of infection are diluted or by-passed.
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Identification sick calves early
Successful treatment protocols for diarrhea and pneumonia depend on early identification of sick calves. These criteria can be used to trigger a treatment intervention:
• Early morning rectal temperature, taken at the same time every day for the first week of life or identified risk period, that exceeds 103 degrees F for two successive mornings or is accompanied by slow, reduced or no milk intake that feeding.
• Slow, reduced or no milk/milk replacer intake
• Watery and/or bloody diarrhea
• Cough, nasal discharge or labored breathing
• Head tilt, umbilical or joint swelling
• Weakness, inability or reluctance to rise
Identify the source
If the source of infection can be identified, it can be diluted or by-passed, using one of these strategies:
• Ventilation
• Bedding changes
• Sunlight
• Freezing
• Disinfectants
• Time between occupancy
• Space between occupants
• Change calving areas
• Change location of hutches or calf housing
• Eliminate overcrowding
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