Rob Myers
University of Missouri
Sunflowers are an amazingly versatile crop with a fascinating history. They’ve been used as a crop in the Midwest dating back a thousand years to the time of the Cahokia mound builders in the St. Louis area. The earliest human use of sunflowers is believed to have been 4,000 or more years ago. Remarkably out of all the major field crops currently grown in the Midwest, sunflowers are the only one native to the United States.
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Rob Myers
Rob Myers is an adjunct associate professor in the University of Missouri-Division of Plant Sciences. Visit plantsciences.missouri.edu for more information.
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